PSG has now secured the prestigious trophy on 14 separate occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain required a dramatic leveler followed by a successful penalty shootout to overcome their arch-rivals in the Gulf and secure a fourth straight Trophee des Champions victory.
The Champions League holders seemed to be coasting towards a straightforward win in the match featuring the Ligue 1 champions and the French Cup holders after Ousmane Dembele found the scoring in the opening stages.
However, the southern French side fired twice late to take a surprise lead. First, Mason Greenwood scored from the penalty spot, before the defender inadvertently directed the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a remarkable twist of fortune, the Portuguese striker snatched a crucial equaliser in the dying seconds to send the contest into a deciding shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Chevalier then emerged as the key figure, saving decisive attempts from O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
In the shootout, Ramos, the midfielder, the full-back, and the young talent all converted with composure for Paris Saint-Germain to seal a convincing penalty win.
The record champions Paris Saint-Germain, who met last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Olympique de Marseille after completing a domestic double, have now lifted this trophy for the 12th time in the last 13 years.